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 »  Home  »  Editorials / Articles  »  Physics of Racing  »  The Physics of Racing, Part 10: Grip Angle
The Physics of Racing, Part 10: Grip Angle
By Brian Beckman | Published  06/24/2006 | Physics of Racing | Rating:
Grip Angle: Part III

Consider a car travelling at speed v in a straight line. Let us turn the steering wheel slightly to the right (twist the top of the eraser to the right). At the instant we begin turning, the rim (your hand on the eraser), at a circumferential position just behind the contact patch, pushes slightly leftward on the bead of the tyre. Just ahead of the contact patch, likewise, the rim pulls the bead a little to the right. The push and pull together are called a force couple. This couple delivers a torsional, clockwise stress to the inner part of the tyre carcass, near the bead. This stress is communicated to the contact patch by the elastic material in the sidewalls (or the main body of the eraser). As a result of turning the steering wheel, therefore, the rim twists the contact patch clockwise.

The car is still going straight, just for an instant. How are we going to explain a net rightward force from the road on the contact patch? This net force must be there, otherwise the tyre and the car would continue in a straight line by Newton's First Law.

Consider the piece of road just under the contact patch at the instant the turn begins. The rubber particles on the left side of the patch are going a little bit faster with respect to the road than the rest of the car and the rubber particles on the right side of the patch are going a little bit slower than the rest of the car. As a result, the left side of the patch grips a little bit less than the right. The rubber particles on the left are more likely to slide and the ones on the right are more likely to grip. Thus, the left edge of the patch "walks" a little bit upward, resulting in a net clockwise twisting motion of the patch. The torsional stress becomes a torsional motion. As this motion is repeated from one instant to the next, the tyre (and the eraser-I hope you are still following along with the eraser) walks continuously to the right.

The better grip on the right hand side of the contact patch adds up to a net rightward force on the tyre, which is transmitted back through the sidewall to the car. The chassis of the car begins to yaw to the right, changing the direction of the rear wheels. A torsional stress on the rear contact patches results, and the rear tyres commence a similar "walking" motion.

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